System and Method for Verification, Authentication, and Notification of Transactions

ABSTRACT

A system and method are provided for verifying, authenticating, and providing notification of a transaction such as a commercial or financial transaction, with and/or to at least one party identified as engaging in the transaction and/or identified as having a potential interest in the transaction or type of transaction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/821,469, filed Jun. 23, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/354,609, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,904,360, filed Jan. 30, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional No. 60/354,275 filed Feb. 4, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to fraud prevention and fraud “early warning” notifications for transactions, in particular remote and/or electronic transactions such as “e-commerce” and “m-commerce” transactions wherein it is desirable to authenticate and verify one or more parties' identities and intentions before the transaction is concluded and/or to notify one or more parties of the occurrence of the transaction.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a transaction in which security is a concern, such as an electronically conducted transaction involving a funds transfer or a purchase or payment, there are three basic questions which must be satisfied:

-   -   1. Are the parties to the transaction who they say they are? (Do         they own the goods, services, or funds or financial accounts         that they represent they do?)     -   2. Do they have the necessary authority or authorization to         approve the transaction?     -   3. Is the environment in which the transaction occurs secure?         That is, can other parties gain access to the private         information being exchanged during such a transaction?

Regarding question 1, the payments industry has devoted considerable attention to methods and systems designed to a) verify the identity of a purchaser, b) assess the risk of any given transaction, and c) take follow-on action in high-risk cases, either by subsequently inquiring of the payer whether the transaction was proper, or by denying funds or credit at the time of the transaction subject to later manual contact with the payer.

For more complex or higher-value transactions, per question 2 a buyer may be subject to a set of audit and control procedures designed to limit his/her purchasing authority. In most consumer purchasing cases, the buyer and authority-holder are usually the same person. In many organizational purchasing situations, the buyer(s) and authority-holder(s) are not the same. The payments industry has one primary tool for limiting purchasing authority, which is the spending limit or credit limit associated with the buyer's account. Attempted solutions to question 1 also help address question 2, since verifying identity helps address cases wherein a buyer is suborning the purchasing authority of another party by use of a stolen credit card number or other private information.

As regards question 3, the most relatively secure environment for purchase transactions remains a merchant's store, in which a buyer and seller can interact face to face, multiple forms of identification can be reviewed, and the opportunities for theft of private information are generally limited. At the other extreme are telephone, mail, and electronic commerce, in which the buyer is represented merely by his/her account information as supplied by phone, on a mailed form, or by data entry via a computer or other electronic device. Here, the opportunities for fraud and the theft of private information are relatively high. Further, there is a prevailing public perception that electronic purchasing environments (for example, virtual storefronts or Internet auctions) are inherently insecure in regard to the transmission and/or storage of private information.

The above factors are reflected in the relative “discount rate” (price) charged to merchants by credit card processors for in-store transactions vs. “card not present” transactions, for example. Typically, merchants pay 60% more per sales dollar in a “card not present” transaction than when a credit card is physically presented for swiping.

These differences in risk also apply when accounts themselves are opened, closed, and modified remotely, as via mail, telephone, wire, or other electronic means.

Current transaction-verification systems and methods, such as for credit, debit, and purchase-card purchases and payments, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) interactions, e-ticket redemption, and the like, may be grouped into four broad categories: 1) physical identification of the purchasing party or of a difficult to-mimic characteristic of the purchasing party, such as by signature comparison or biometric scanning, 2) data entry of passwords or other identification codes, such as the Personal Identification Number (PIN) codes used with ATMs and calling cards, 3) validation of embedded digital authenticating information, such as is found in “smart cards”, and 4) verifying private knowledge presumed known only to the account holder, such as the account holder's billing address or Social Security Number (SSN), prior to approving a transaction, including opening, closing, and modifying an account. A fifth category, devoted to limiting the exposure of sensitive private information such as credit card numbers to insecure or weakly secure environments subject to high levels of electronic theft or hacking, such as the Internet, is the substitution of dummy information for the actual private information, which dummy information is reconciled with the actual private information after its receipt by the payment processing organization.

Additional systems and methods have been employed by credit reporting agencies, which agencies already monitor the status of individuals' credit accounts. Such organizations may offer their customers regular monthly communications by mail or electronic mail identifying new accounts established in the customer's name or with the customer's federal tax identification number since the last such communication.

Especially in categories (2) (3) and (4) above, transaction approval by a bank or other merchant processing or payment processing organization or network is often coupled with an automated risk detection processes and human follow-up, as when a credit card issuer's risk assessment system determines that an unexpectedly large, out-of-state purchase is “high risk” for a given account holder, and then provides that information to a customer service representative who may call the account holder's telephone to attempt to confirm the transaction's validity, typically after the fact, or to leave a message for the account holder that the card account is suspended pending the account holder's reply. It is often the case that the account holder's ability to judge what constitutes a fraudulent transaction conducted in his/her name considerably exceeds that of said risk assessment system and customer service representative. Despite this judgment-gap, today's account holders have, at best, only after-the-fact means available to them from their financial institutions, or from merchants, to audit transactions occurring in their name, including the opening, closing, and modification of accounts, or at-the-time means which involve significant new technologies and new processes to implement, learn, and use. In some cases the burden of implementing, learning and using falls on the merchant or other provider of goods, services, or funds, as well as the account holder.

Merchants subjected to fraudulent transactions are informed after the fact as well, when the true account holder disputes a transaction with his/her payments organization. In the case of credit card transactions, the merchant is then charged back for the value of the disputed transaction and may also be charged a dispute investigation fee, resulting in a loss of profits and goods.

Additional research and development in the payments industry has focused on adding encrypted identifying codes or digital certificates to credit cards via an embedded microprocessor (as in “smart cards”) or via software on a personal computer (“e-wallets”); and on physically printing unique numeric identification numbers or numeric passwords (such as CVV2/CVC2/CID codes) on credit cards. Said codes are a relatively recent security feature for use in “card-not-present” transactions and now appear on, for example, Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover cards. As of this writing, these codes are comprised of a three- or four-digit number which provides a cryptographic check of the information embossed on the card, called CVV2 (Visa, 3-digit), CVC2 (MasterCard, 3-digit), and CID (American Express, 4-digit, and Discover, 3-digit). These code values help validate two things: a) the customer has the physical credit card in his/her possession, and b) the card account is legitimate. CVV2/CVC2/CID data are printed only on the card; they are not contained in the magnetic stripe information per se, nor do they appear on sales receipts or statements. The use of these codes attempts to make it more difficult for a person who has stolen a credit card number, but not the actual card, to enter into fraudulent transactions, provided the other parry or parties to such transactions have also invested in the requisite changes to their systems and processes to support the use of these codes.

The prior art attempts, with mixed results, to solve the common problem of how to authenticate and verify a transaction, such as purchase, funds transfer, account opening or closing or modification, etc, particularly when conducted remotely or electronically, how to authenticate and verify the relevant party or parties, and how to provide the earliest possible warning of fraud, with a high degree of accuracy and completeness and near-zero delay.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,894 to Hackett describes systems and methods to use CVV2/CVC2/CID values, in lieu of PIN codes, to verify that a consumer engaged in a point-of-sale (POS) transaction possesses the transaction card at the time of purchase and/or is the true card owner. The CVV2/CVC2/CID information is provided to the POS system as an additional authenticating datum, and if said datum matches what is stored in the relevant authorization system for the applicable card account number, and authorizing parameters are satisfied, authorization proceeds. If not, authorization is denied. Such systems and methods do not protect against card theft or hacking (should such CVV2/CVC2/CID data flow from the consumer to the merchant or card processor electronically, or are stored on an intermediate system), because they authenticate only that certain data from the physical card match data stored in the authorization system, without authenticating the identity of the card holder/user, and without verifying the intentions of the true card owner or other co-authorizing party (if different). Further, they do not provide the advantage of notification of the true card owner or other co-authorizing or auditing parties of the occurrence of a transaction, and in particular a high-risk transaction. Finally, such systems and methods also fail to provide for any additional automated data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by the party regarding the opening, closing, or modification of an account remotely.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,727,163 to Flews describes a system and method for concluding a transaction by telephone that was initiated over the Internet. The purchaser dials a special telephone number associated with the transaction and provides his/her credit card number in full by dialing it on his/her touch-tone keypad (that is, using DTMT tones). Such a system and method have the advantage of partially isolating private payment information across two different communication links, but do not address the problem of notification or authentication of the legitimate account holders or other parties having a potential interest in the transaction, nor verification of the intent and approval of said legitimate account holders or other parties having approval authority for the transaction. Instead, they provide assurance solely to the purchaser that his/her private financial information need not be communicated in full through a network perceived to be insecure (that is, through the Internet). Such a system and method, which require purchasers to take additional proactive steps to complete remote transactions, have had limited adoption by consumers and merchants due to the complexity they add to all affected transactions. This system and method are further limited to collecting payment data, such as a credit card number, for processing by the merchant's point-of-sale or ordering system, under the purchasing party's control. They do not provide for any additional data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by the party attempting to collect payment or open, close, or modify an account remotely, nor for and by any third party whose approval is normally required to conclude the transaction.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,324,526 to D'Agostino describes a system and method for providing a transaction code, supplied case by case by the purchaser's financial institution, in lieu of a credit card number for a purchase transaction. As has been noted, systems and methods based on dummy transaction or account number codes have had limited consumer acceptance because of the complexity to set up and use them. Such systems and methods attempt to address only the security of the purchaser's account information, by eliminating exposure thereof to a third party over a network perceived to be insecure (that is, over the Internet). Nor do such systems and methods provide for any additional data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by the party attempting to collect payment or open, close, or modify an account remotely, nor for and by any third party whose approval is normally required to conclude the transaction.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,011 to Gottfried describes a system and method for coupling a fingerprint recognition device to a credit card scanner. As has been noted, systems and methods of this type have extremely narrow application because of the need for the affected parties' physical presence, the associated cost of implementation and on-going support, and general public concerns over personal privacy when biometric devices are employed. Systems and methods of this type attempt to address only authentication of a purchaser's identity, and ignore notification of a party or parties who may be subject to identity fraud or fraudulent transactions.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,341,724 to Campisano describes a system and method for using the telephone number of a credit card owner, plus a PIN code, as an alias for the actual card number in a credit card transaction. This system and method replace the account number with another sequence of digits which is not printed or encoded on the credit card itself Systems and methods of this type are a variation on the concept of a dummy account number, per U.S. Pat. No. 6,324,526 to D'Agostino, and provide the benefit of allowing a purchaser to make a credit card purchase without having to remember his/her card number. However, such systems and methods do not provide protection against the use of stolen account information, nor against the use of stolen dummy account information such as said telephone number and PIN. They further require credit card users to learn a new process for making credit card purchases, and require system and rule changes by merchants to allow the purchaser's telephone number and PIN to be used in lieu of a card account number. For debit card transactions, the purchasers would further have to supply two PIN values, one for the debit card account, the other for encryption purposes. Nor do such systems and methods provide for any additional data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by the party attempting to collect payment or open, close, or modify an account remotely; nor for and by any third party whose approval is normally required to conclude the transaction.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,023,682 to Checchio describes a system and method for communicating a credit card number to a payment-authorizing computer system from a point-of-sale credit card terminal, using encryption where the key is a personal identification code (“PIC”) belonging to the card owner, and then verifying that the personal identification code matches that stored in the payment-authorizing computer system's memory. This system and method introduce the advantage of using personal information (such as a PIN code) to verify a card-user's identity, but also require changes to payment authorization systems and merchant's order-taking or payment-processing systems to implement, further require the purchaser to supply his/her personal identification code to the merchant, and have utility only at a physical point-of-sale, that is, in a non-remote transaction. Because the PIC is communicated through the same process and media as the transaction itself, said personal identification code, particularly for e-commerce transactions, is vulnerable to theft via hacking of the merchant's systems or interception of the merchant's communications to the payment-processing bank or applicable credit card processing network. Such systems and methods also fail to provide for any additional data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by any third party whose approval is normally required to conclude the transaction.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,088,683 to Jalili describes a method for customers to order goods from merchants on one network, such as the Internet, and then complete the purchase via a second network, such as the telephone network, using “Caller ID” service or a call-back to check the customer's telephone number as a form of proof of the customer's identity, and involving an independent processing center that receives the customer's financial information over the second network in advance and stores it for future reference, The merchant uses the second network to deliver transaction details and the customer's ID to the processing center, which then uses the second network to receive or initiate contact from/to to the customer to check his/her identity and his/her purchase intentions. Said method revises the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,727,163 to Bezos, by moving responsibility for the exchange of the customer's financial information from between the customer and merchant over a second network at the time of the transaction, as per Bezos, to between the customer and processing center over a second network in advance of the transaction. In Jalili, the processing center also performs the step of debiting and crediting the accounts of the customer and merchant, respectively. Therefore, the utility of this method is limited to cases wherein both a purchaser and a merchant are independently willing and able to establish an advance relationship with, exchange private information (such as account information for the purchaser and merchant processing information for the merchant) with, and allow debiting/crediting of their accounts by, such a processing center prior to entering into a purchase transaction between themselves. The method is also limited to purchases, and particularly to purchases involving a single customer and a single merchant. The need for a preparatory process occurring over the second network, the need to use the second network to perform all steps to prepare and conclude a transaction other than the step of the customer's placing of his/her order, and the need to establish a processing center, also limit the utility of this method. Because the purchaser does not actually supply his/her payment information to the merchant, the method further creates an opportunity for fraud perpetrated within processing center, stemming from its unique position of trust between the two other parties. If, however, the processing center is not independent of the merchant, then any utility derived from the separation of the processing center from the merchant, such as the assurance to the customer that his/her private account information need never be transmitted directly to the merchant, is lost. The method also adds the complication of the merchant having to provide a new and additional or alternative form of customer identification information to the processing center in order to receive a customer's payment. The method also fails to provide for any additional automated data gathering, authentication, and verification for and by a party regarding non-purchase transactions, such as the opening, closing, or modification of an account remotely; nor for and by any third party whose approval is normally required to conclude a purchase transaction. The method also fails to address purchases or non-purchase transactions initiated other than via a network. Lastly, the method requires a new sort of account to be established, namely, the customer's registration with the processing center.

Additional weaknesses and limitations of the prior art in general include:

Systems and Methods of Physical Recognition:

Such systems and methods require deployment, training, and support of a new purchaser and/or merchant transaction-processing infrastructure on a wide scale (such as deployment of biometric scanners and related interfaces to payment systems) and require the physical presence of purchaser to interact with that infrastructure to complete a transaction. This solution is therefore highly limited in the scope of its application.

Systems and Methods Using Passwords and ID Codes:

Generally effective for ATM and debit card transactions, such systems and methods are not used widely for credit card transactions. Passwords and codes (such as PIN codes) remain subject to theft (as by Internet hacking, card “skimming”, identity theft, etc.). Once a password or ID code is compromised, no further safeguards are possible, and entirely new customer accounts must be created. Passwords and ID codes are not commonly used, supported and enforced by merchants for credit card purchases.

Systems and Methods Using CVV2/CVC2/CID Codes:

Systems and methods utilizing such codes are presently limited to credit card accounts only, do not protect against the loss or theft, such as by hacking, of credit or debit-and-credit cards or card account numbers along with such codes, and do not prevent the fraudulent creation or subsequent modification of an account.

Systems and Methods Using Verification of Private Knowledge:

Such systems and methods are vulnerable to theft of private information via hacking, and identity theft. This is particularly troublesome internationally, where the most common type of private knowledge checking in the U.S. for credit card transactions, namely, an account's billing addresses, is rarely possible today abroad.

Systems and Methods Using Smart Cards:

While smart cards add password (PIN) features and can also create dummy credit card numbers usable for one transaction only, systems and methods utilizing smart cards require the installation and use of a smart card reader by the user, and have thus had limited adoption by consumers. These special features are further available only when purchases are made via the computing device where the smart card reader is installed.

Systems and Methods Using Digital Signature Information (“E-Wallets”):

As with smart cards, systems and methods for e-wallets require specialized software to be installed on the computing device of the e-wallet's owner, and therefore have not been widely adopted by consumers. Their features are likewise only available for purchases made via the computing device where such software is installed.

Other Limitations and Weaknesses in the Prior Art:

Notification of a transaction, and any interaction with the actual party or parties who are truly authorized to conclude and approve it, as opposed to interaction with parties who are perpetrating fraud by representing themselves as said actual, authorized parties, is generally left unaddressed by the prior art. Notification or interaction which does occur in the prior art is typically after the fact, either by the actual, authorized party's reviewing his/her billing or account statements, by consulting his/her credit report via a credit reporting agency, or, if the payment processor (for example, the relevant credit card processor or bank) so determines, through a follow-up telephone call from a customer service representative of such credit card processor or bank, or through other messages delivered after the fact through a variety of basic communications media. These inherently after-the-fact processes do not interrupt or halt a fraudulent remote transaction before it is completed, nor can they halt additional fraudulent transactions (which may fit within a purchaser's normal risk profile) made quickly thereafter using the same account number or other identifying information. Prior art which attempts to address the objective of verification of a transaction before it is concluded adds prohibitive requirements for the establishment, registration with, and use of intermediaries such as processing centers between customers and merchants, fails to address the objectives of notification and approval of or by third-parties, and fails to address the class of transactions comprising the opening, closing, and modification of accounts.

It is desirable to verify and authenticate a transaction, and in particular a potentially risky transaction, without relying on the installation and use of new equipment by one or more of the parties having an interest in, involved in, or represented to be involved in, said transaction, nor requiring substantial alterations to existing processes or additional education and training for conducting such transactions, nor requiring new intermediary entities to be established. It is further desirable to do so in a manner that thwarts any potential party to such a transaction who attempts to authorize or enter into it fraudulently. It is further desirable for such verification and authentication to work even when the mechanisms, systems and methods described in the prior art may already be in use but still fail to protect fully against fraud, especially when fraud is perpetrated as a result of the theft of private information. This is especially important in the area of transactions conducted remotely, and in particular electronically. It is also desirable to notify automatically the actual party or parties having legitimate authority to approve or audit a transaction, whether directly engaged in such transaction or not, of the occurrence and/or details of said transaction. It is also desirable to be determine the behavior of any embodiment of a system and method for such notification, verification and authentication, through the use of stored profiles of parties and transaction types and other parameters, and also through profile information and other parameters which may be provided with and as part of an individual transaction.

The invention described herein provides a method and system for verifying, authenticating, and providing notification-of a transaction such as a commercial or financial transaction, with and/or to at least one party represented or identified as engaging in said transaction or having a potential interest in said transaction or type of transaction, in particular a remote or electronic transaction, while it occurs and/or after it occurs, via one or more of a plurality of communication links and communication addresses associated with said at least one party, so as to create a higher degree of certainty that the transaction is non-fraudulent than is possible using any of the prior art, without introducing significant delay in the completion of legitimate transactions, and without requiring implementation of new equipment or software, or learning of unfamiliar processes or technologies, or establishment and use of separate processing centers or other intermediaries.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a means of verifying and authenticating the identities and intentions of one, some or all parties represented or identified as engaging in a transaction or having a potential interest in said transaction or type of transaction while it is in progress, and/or soon thereafter;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of accepting or obtaining information and parameters about said transaction, including information about one or more parties represented or identified as engaging in or having a potential interest in said transaction, from a transaction-processing system or device, such as a banking transaction system or credit card authorization or risk assessment system, as it is processing the transaction;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of communications with and/or to one or more parties having a potential interest in the transaction, some of whom may be represented as engaged in the transaction through the use of identity-related data, such as an account number or numbers;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of defining, at the time of the transaction or in advance of the transaction, or both, which specific parties have a potential interest in a given transaction, and the nature of such interest;

It is also an object of the invention to allow said communications to occur over a plurality of communications media and/or communications links, to increase the likelihood of successful and secure communication with and/or to said one or more parties;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of defining, initiating and controlling said interactions and their content;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of obtaining and/or storing information about the nature, communication addresses, and other parameters of said one or more parties' communications devices used for said communications, to enable additional verification and authentication of the identity or identities of said one or more parties;

It is also an object of the invention, in its preferred embodiment, to allow the behavior of said preferred embodiment to be controlled and managed under varying conditions and circumstances in accordance with stored profiles and, additionally or alternatively, in accordance with information provided along with the transaction information;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means, in its preferred embodiment, for the adapting the inventive systems' behavior based on prevailing conditions and circumstances regarding said transaction, which conditions and circumstances may change during or because of the utilization of the invention;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of recording and remembering the details of said transaction and the result or results of any subsequent communications for later review and use by the user of the invention;

It is also an object of the invention to provide a means of reporting and/or transmitting and/or forwarding a result or results regarding said transaction and said result or results of said subsequent communications.

Accordingly, the invention, to address the above and other objects, provides a system and method for verifying, authenticating, and providing notification of a transaction, such as a commercial or financial transaction, with and/or to at least one party represented or identified as engaging in said transaction or having a potential interest in said transaction or type of transaction, in particular a remote or electronic transaction, while it occurs and/or after it occurs, and in accordance with any parameters which may be supplied in or with information about the transaction, additionally or alternatively with any profile or profiles which may be associated with the transaction.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the occurrence of communications with said at least one party and at least one of a plurality of communications devices and associated predetermined communications addresses known to belong to said at least one party, using at least one communications link other than the communications link used to initiate the transaction itself, isolates the transaction medium or environment from the notification and/or verification medium or environment, such that a very high degree of accuracy and completeness of authentication and verification can be achieved with a minimum of delay, and without requiring any new authentication/verification technologies to be implemented or learned by the transacting party or parties.

The invention goes beyond current practices by providing a highly automated means and a method for, individually and in combination:

-   -   1. Notification, verification and authentication of any or all         of the party or parties involved in, identified as involved in,         and/or predetermined to have a potential interest in, a         transaction while it is still in progress, and/or afterward;     -   2. Verifying and authenticating using a plurality of         communications links which may operate on networks having         near-universal, worldwide availability and high reliability;     -   3. Separating and isolating the communications link and/or         medium of the initial transaction (for example, the World Wide         Web) from the communications link(s) and/or medium or media used         to verify and authenticate it (for example, the public switched         telephone network, wireless networks, Instant Messaging         services), in such cases as the transaction's primary medium is         deemed insufficiently secure or insufficiently able to verify         and authenticate a party or parties;     -   4. Utilizing a plurality of concurrent and/or sequential         communications with and/or to a plurality of communications         devices and addresses, using a plurality of communications links         and communications media;     -   5. Attempting communications with and/or to any or all of the         party or parties involved in, identified as involved in, and/or         predetermined to have a potential interest in transaction using         alternate communications links or media in the event that         attempted interaction or interactions using the preferred         associated communications link or medium fails;     -   6. Predefining and dynamically determining a plurality of         sequences of actions and communications to be taken under         differing conditions for differing transactions and differing         pluralities of parties thereto, based on information and         parameters regarding the transaction and/or user-definable         profiles regarding transactions, types of transactions, and/or         parties and potential parties involved in, identified as         involved in, and/or predetermined to have a potential interest         in such transactions;     -   7. Communicating with a third party or parties involved in,         identified as involved in, and/or predetermined to have a         potential interest in, who are not initially part of such a         transaction (such as an employer, parent, or law enforcement         official in performance of his/her duty), for purposes such as         seeking such third party or parties' approval thereof, or to         notify same;     -   8. Assigning one or more roles to one or more parties involved         in, identified as involved in, and/or predetermined to have a         potential interest in a transaction;     -   9. Interacting differently with each of said one or more parties         based upon his/her ascribed role;     -   10. Avoiding intrusiveness in the consummation of the         transaction, by eliminating the need to install and proactively         use any new or unfamiliar equipment, software, processes, or         purchasing methods by the party or parties having an interest         in, involved in, or represented to be involved in the         transaction;     -   11. Intermingling of parameter-based non-transactional         information, such as sales, marketing, product or support         information, with transaction and confirmation information in         said communications, and     -   12. Predetermining and/or dynamically determining the format and         content of said communications, such as via user-defined         templates and/or scripts.

The preferred embodiment of the invention associates one or more predetermined communications devices and addresses, such as telephone numbers or wireless SIP addresses, with a plurality of parties who may have an interest in, be involved in, or be identified as involved in, a transaction, and related identifying information, which may include an account number or credit card number. Such identity, device and address information are preferably defined and stored in advance in a non-volatile storage or database in the form of a profile associated with each such party, or are additionally or alternatively provided to the inventive system within or along with information about a specific transaction.

When a transaction is initiated with reference to such party or parties, such as via identifiers such as credit card account number(s), bank account numbers, or Social Security Numbers (SSNs) or tax identification numbers, a central system then attempts to communicate via a plurality of communications links with and/or to one or more of said plurality of parties via at least one of each such party's known, predetermined communications device(s), to notify the party or parties of the transaction and, additionally or alternatively, to interact with the party or parties to authenticate and verify their identities, intentions and/or approvals in regard to the transaction. The invention further provides several alternative means and methods for establishing such communications with and/or to each such party, either in parallel or serially, in the event that the primary means and/or method associated with each such party is not successful. Each communication or set of communications is preferably governed by logic rules, which may be predefined or dynamically determined, and which may be encoded as a script to be executed in or by the central system, said rules being determined in part based upon a categorization of the transaction, the identities or a categorization of one or more of said plurality of parties, and/or other parameters obtained along with the information describing the transaction.

Because each such interaction occurs with the actual owner/user of the communication device at a known and predefined communications address (such as his/her pre-verified wireless SIP address), if any party engaged in the transaction is not the owner/user of said predefined communications address, then 1) the interaction by definition alerts the actual owner/user to a fraudulent transaction in progress, and 2) the fraudulent owner/user is thwarted, because he/she will be physically unable to authenticate him/herself using the communications device found at said communications address. Further, even if the fraudulent party is able to obtain such a communications device belonging to the true owning/using party, the fraudulent party must still supply further authenticating information presumed to be known only to the actual owning using party. Preferably, the communications linkage employed for such interaction is different from the communications linkage used to initiate the transaction, thereby further limiting the potential for fraud and for the theft of private information.

Additional utility may be derived when the user of the invention is in the role of a financial services organization, such as a credit card issuer, payments-processing network, merchant processor or acquirer, employing the invention alongside or within its transaction-authorization and/or account-management processes and systems to reduce transactional risk for its merchant and/or consumer customers. Such financial services organizations already have, in the normal course of their business, advance knowledge of potential parties to transactions, including identifying information and other parameters about such parties which may include their account numbers and their contact information, such as home telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, and wireless device addresses; knowledge of transactions relating to their customers as they occur; and a presumed relationship of trust with said potential parties to transactions. Their advance knowledge and existing trust relationships minimize their effort to implement and widely deploy the invention for maximum utility. In addition to the fraud-reducing and fraud “early warning” benefit of the invention, financial services organizations may also benefit from improved customer relationships through increased value-adding contacts occurring as a result of the use of the invention, and from the resulting higher level of service provided, Financial service organizations that employ the invention may also benefit from the utility of a reduced perception by their consumer and merchant customers of the risks of conducting transactions electronically or remotely. Note that the additional utility to entities in the role of financial services organizations is not inherently limited to such entities, nor is it the only additional utility they may obtain. This and other additional utility may be also be obtained by other users, whether utilizing a similar or alternative embodiment of the invention.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, when a transaction message is received by the central system from a second system or device, the central system parses the received message, authenticates said second system or device, and then may use the parsed data values to determine or derive a set of corresponding rules that inform or define the central system's subsequent actions and subsequent communications with or to a relevant party or parties over a plurality of communication links. Such rules may be predefined, and if predefined are stored in advance in the central system's volatile and/or nonvolatile storage memory or database(s). The central system takes a plurality of actions according to said rules.

In the preferred embodiment, the central system may establish a plurality of communications links, which may include but are not limited to wireless and landline telephony, SMS and wireless text messaging, instant messaging, and electronic mail and other Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions, in a sequence defined by said rules, to reach a plurality of parties having a potential interest in, involved in, or represented to be involved in, said transaction. The central system attempts to communicate with and/or to each of said plurality of parties via at least one predefined communications device specifically associated with that party.

As each of said communication links is successfully established, the central system preferably delivers information to the corresponding party regarding the transaction, which information may include 1) the transaction details, which may include the nature or purpose of the transaction and/or a total price or amount, 2) additional information of potential value to said party, such as product-, sales-, service- and/or marketing-related information provided by the other party/parties or a third party or parties, and 3) other parameters, which may include identifying information regarding one or more of said parties. Said delivery of information is preferably composed and formatted by the central system per a predefined message template or script that may be related to the transaction or the type of transaction, the communications medium employed, and the language in which the party is known to be conversant. For example, in a telephone call, said delivery of information may be comprised of concatenated segments of prerecorded audio and/or text-to-speech synthesis.

Each such party may then be prompted to confirm his/her identity and intentions, which may include providing a PIN code, CVV2/CVC2/CID code (for a credit card), or other unique and private identifier(s), such as the initial letters of his/her mother's maiden name, which datum or data may be predefined to the central system, or may be supplied within or derived from the initiating transaction message. A confirming action or actions may be performed by said party via said communications link, using a means appropriate to his/her corresponding communications device. For example, on a telephone, DTMF digits may be pressed to convey the information prompted for by the central system.

Based on the results of said interaction(s) with said plurality of parties, the central system preferably computes or otherwise derives a result, which it then preferably transmits to said second system or device from which the transaction message originated, and/or to an associated third system. Further, based on said retrieved stored rules and/or said dynamically derived rules, the central system also preferably transmits one or more of a plurality of notification messages about said transaction and said result to one or more of said plurality of parties, over a plurality of communication links, and may also log said results in a nonvolatile memory or other storage or database for later retrieval, action, and for analysis, and/or for billing purposes.

The central system communicates through a plurality of communications links using a plurality of communications protocols, configured according to such rules as are to be supported and implemented in any specific embodiment of the invention. These communication links and protocols may include but are not limited to wireless and wireline telephony (which may include text-to-speech processing, recorded speech, DTMF tones, and combinations thereof), electronic mail, instant messaging fax, paging, Short Message Service (SMS) and other wireless text messaging, and other existing widely used services and protocols, as described more fully hereafter. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the central system also provides a means to add and delete a plurality of types of communication links and protocols, as such types of communication links and protocols become available and desirable or cease to be available or desirable; and a means of receiving, translating, and acting upon a plurality of informational codes and formats of transaction message as may be provided by differing types of second system or device originating such transaction message under differing conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. System Diagram—Preferred Embodiment

FIG. 2. Networking Configuration

FIG. 3. Remote Transaction Engine Communications Interfaces—Data Messaging Layer

FIG. 4. Communications Subsystems: Telephony

FIG. 5. Communications Subsystems: E-mail

FIG. 6. Communications Subsystems: Instant Messaging

FIG. 7. Communications Subsystems: Fax

FIG. 8. Communications Subsystems: Paging

FIG. 9. Communications Subsystems: Wireless Text Messaging/Short Message Service

FIG. 10. Communications Subsystems: Wireless Telephony

FIG. 11. Communications Subsystems: IP Telephony

FIG. 12. Communications Subsystems: Internet Data Protocols—HTTP/HTTPS using HTML/XML

FIG. 13. Communications Subsystems: WAP

FIG. 14. Communications Subsystems: Telex

FIG. 15. Communications Subsystems: FTP

FIG. 16. Communications Subsystems: SNA/RJE Datasets

FIG. 17. Communications Subsystems: EDI/EDIFACT/EDI-INT

FIG. 18. Generalized Process Diagram

FIG. 4-FIG. 17 are schematics of the links between a preferred embodiment of a system according to the invention and a range of potential communications devices used or usable by potential parties to a transaction,

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention achieves a very high degree of accuracy and completeness of authentication, notification and verification of a transaction and the identity and intentions of one or more of the plurality of parties represented as entering into or conducting the transaction, with a minimum of delay, and without requiring new authentication/verification technologies to be implemented or learned by such parties, by:

-   -   a) Automatically communicating with and/or to the relevant party         or parties represented as conducting a transaction, such as an         electronic or remote transaction, using at least one         communications link which is typically and preferably other than         the one used to initiate the transaction itself, if any;     -   b) Communicating with and/or to said party or parties only on         communications devices having specific predetermined         communications addresses known to belong to them, as a mechanism         of additional authentication and verification;     -   c) Additionally or alternatively, further verifying said party         or parties' stated identities by cross-checking physical         information known or discernable about their communications         devices (e.g., telephone Automatic Number Identifier value) with         other, external sources of identity information (e.g., a         telephone number billing address database);     -   d) Notifying said party or parties of the transaction's details,         such as a merchant's identity, purchase amount, etc., through         said communications devices;     -   e) Additionally or alternatively, providing supplemental         information of potential utility to said party or parties, such         as sales, marketing, product and support-related information,         through said communications devices;     -   f) Additionally or alternatively, interrogating said party or         parties to further authenticate their identities and/or verify         their intentions regarding the transaction using said at least         one communications link;     -   g) Additionally or alternatively, further verifying said party         or parties' stated identities and intentions by obtaining         confirming input from said party or parties, through said         communications devices, which may include passwords or other         private knowledge (such as a predefined PIN code, predefined         CVC2/CVV2/CID code, or several initial letters of a predefined         security word such as a mother's maiden name) through said         communications devices;     -   h) Enabling communication with and/or to one or more of a         plurality of parties related directly or indirectly to the         transaction, some of whom may not have been identified or were         not known to either the initiating parties or to the system or         entity (remote to the inventive system) responsible for         processing the transaction, and     -   i) Supporting stored, user-definable profiles, rules, and         parameters regarding such transactions and such parties, which         profiles, rules, and parameters, in a preferred embodiment, are         used to vary the behavior of the inventive system and thereby         the sequence of steps followed in the inventive method.         outside the transaction environment itself. The above advantages         apply whether the transaction is still in progress, or after the         fact.

FIG. 1 presents a potential embodiment of a system consistent with the invention. FIG. 18 shows a generalized process flow for authenticating and verifying a typical transaction using said embodiment of a system, consistent with the invention.

In FIG. 1, a Remote Transaction Engine [1], such as a web e-commerce server or a credit card authorization system or device, processes a transaction initiated by one or more parties. The RTE [1] may, for example, be operated by a merchant conducting remote transactions (as by Internet or by telephone) with its customers; by two or more parties seeking to exchange goods, services, or funds; by a financial institution conducting a financial transaction with a customer (as via Automated Teller Machine); by a payment processor organization in behalf of a merchant; by a payments clearing network in behalf of a payment processor organization; by a payment-account issuer in behalf of the payments clearing network and the customer; by a financial institution or merchant establishing or modifying an account such as a credit account for a customer or prospective customer, or by a service bureau in behalf of any of these. The sole requirement of the RTE [1] is to be able to provide a data message via an application programming interface [11] (“API”) means, predefined specification means, or other equivalent means to the Central System [2] (“CS”) of the embodiment of the invention, via any one of several standard communications protocols over a communication link or network [31]. This transaction-describing message shall hereafter be called the Transaction Message.

FIG. 3 presents a plurality of communication links which may be utilized in an embodiment of the inventive system for receipt of said Transaction Message from the RTE [1]. A plurality of preferred data communication link types [411-420, 411a-420a] is shown, plus a voice-based communication link based on DTMF signaling [421, 421a]. The inventive system preferably further accommodates adding other and future protocols [425, 425a] as interfaces for them become desirable and available, and removing existing protocols as they cease to be desirable or available. Different embodiments of the invention may support varying sets of such communication links from system to system, or on the same system over time.

The Transaction Message is received by the CS's [2] Data Messaging Layer [FIG. 1, 201]. The Data Messaging Layer [201] is comprised of various hardware and software modules and interfaces for receipt, queuing and interpretation of messages from a plurality of networks [FIG. 3], and may be implemented, for example, using technologies such as message queuing middleware for data communications, and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) unit for DMTF-based telephony messages.

The Transaction Message, if communicated over a public data network or other potentially insecure network, such as the Internet, may be further encoded or encrypted either in whole or in part by the RTE [1] for added security, such as with PM encryption or a similar standard encrypting protocol, such as the Internet's TLS.

The preferred CS [2] in general is further comprised of one or more processors; memories and data storage; software and software libraries, such as may be written in and accompany the C++ and Java programming languages, for handling and manipulating said message as described hereafter; an operating system for managing low-level elements of the system; security elements, such as firewall and/or encryption software, for limiting external access to the system, encrypting content, and defending against various forms of electronic attack upon it; and, database or other data-managing software, to store, manage, and perform searches and retrievals on information about parties, transactions, transaction processing rules, communication methods, and the like, as more fully described hereafter. The CS [2] is additionally comprised of a range of communications hardware and software, collectively referred to as the “Communications Subsystems,” which are used to notify or interact with one or more of a plurality of parties represented or identified as engaging in a transaction or having a potential interest in a transaction. Said Communications Subsystems [211-218.ff.] are described further hereafter.

The minimum necessary contents of said Transaction Message are shown in Table 1 below. The choice of minimum necessary contents may vary from embodiment to embodiment of the inventive system. These data fields and values 1) identify the transaction-originating entity [21a], 2) provide a mechanism to authenticate it [21b], 3) identify one or more parties having a potential interest in, involved in, and/or represented to be involved in, the transaction [22a,ff. 22b,ff.], 4) identify the type of transaction [22c], such as a credit card purchase with card-not-present, and 5) identify the price or amount of the transaction [22d] if applicable. Preferably, the types of transactions known to the system are all user-definable in advance through the User Web Client [FIG. 1, 251] (see below) or via a bulk or automated load to the CS's [2] databases.

TABLE 1 Application Programming Interface Generalized Schema Message session establishment/message headers    RTE ID [21a]    RTE authentication information (digital certificate, PKI data,    password, etc.) [21b] Required Field Values Party 1 ID [22a] Party 1 ID Type [22b] Transaction Type [22c] Transaction Amount [22d] Optional Field Values Party 1 Role [23] Party 1 Confirm Value (encrypted) [23a] Party 1 CV Type [23b] Party 2 ID Party 2 ID type Party 2 Role Party 2 CV Party 2 CV Type . . . Party N ID Party N ID type Party N Role Party N CV Party N CV Type Party 1 Comm Addr #1 [23c] Party 1 Media Type #1 [23d] Party 1 Addr. #1 Reference [23e] Party 1 Comm Addr. #2 Party 1 Media Type #2 Party 1 Addr. #2 Reference . . . Party 1 Comm Addr. #M Party 1 Media Type #M Party 1 Addr. #M Reference Party 2 Comm Addr. #1 [23f] Party 2 Media Type #1 Party 2 Addr. #1 Reference . . . Party N Comm Addr. #M Party N Media Type #M Party N Addr. #M Reference Group ID of a Collection of Parties [23f] Transaction Currency [23g] Transaction Language [23h] Rule Set ID [23i] General Interactive Message Template ID [23j] General Interactive Message Template or Stylesheet URL [23k] Party 1 Interactive Message Template ID [231] . . . Party N Interactive Message Template ID User-defined Tracking and Billing Codes [23m] Logging Level (numeric) [23n] User-defined Message Template String [23o] User-defined Transaction Detail Pairs #1-Q [23p] Party 1-N Demographic Data [23q]

Additional data fields and values may be supplied in the Transaction Message to further define the party or parties' communication addresses to be used in authenticating this transaction [23c,f,ff., 23d,ff.]; a specific stored Rule Set (see below) to be invoked [23i]; a specific stored message content template to be used either for this transaction in general [23j,k] or for each party [23],ff.]; additional information to transmit to the relevant party or parties during the communications sessions which follow [23o,p], and the like, as enumerated more fully in Table 1. There is also specific provision for a mechanism to include user-defined fields and data values within said Transaction Message [23p]. These additional data in the Transaction Message, if present, preferably supersede such values as may be stored in advance in the CS's [2] databases about a given type of transaction, parties, Rule Sets, and so on.

The message protocol and format of the Transaction Message is defined according to the physical or logical port and/or communication service through which it arrives at the CS's [2] Data Messaging Layer [201], and additionally (for certain types of Internet messages) according to meta-tags and/or content-descriptor codes found at the start of the message which further define the formatting and content of the message. The message is parsed by the Data Messaging Layer [201] according to said format and protocol, and thereby decomposed into a series of name-value pairs which correspond to the data fields shown in Table 1. The incoming data are thus normalized into a standard and internal format for subsequent processing, independent of their originating format.

If the minimum required information as identified in Table 1 is not present, or if the RTE [1, 21a-b] cannot be authenticated, the CS's [2] Data Messaging Layer [201] rejects the Transaction Message and sends a corresponding rejection message back to the RTE [1]; in a typical embodiment, the rejection message is composed and transmitted via the same protocol used for receipt of the incoming message [FIG. 3, 421-431].

Where any name-value pair is not defined in the message, default values are looked up in the CS's [2] primary database tables and views [Table 2-Table 5] using the RTE ID [21a], transaction type [22a] and party identifiers(s) [22aff.], as the index values, via, for example, an SQL query or a stored (database) procedure. Note that the CS enforces that any variable-length lists of required name-value pairs, such as the list of parties, require at least one name-value pair be explicitly defined in the incoming Transaction Message for said message to be deemed valid.

TABLE 2 Rules Database View External Default Message Media Comm. Message Template Confirming Address Sequence Rule Set Template Stylesheet Transaction Transaction Value Type Reference Allowed Script Pattern ID* 5a ID 5b URL 5c Language 5d Currency 5e 5f Flag 5g Media 5h ID** 5i ID*** 5j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Index Key **Key to Scripts database view; see Table 8. ***Key to Communications Sequence Patterns database view; see Table 5

TABLE 3 Profiles Database Views Database View: Parties Confirming Party ID* Transaction Party Group ID** Demographic Transaction Value (CV) 6a Type* 6b Party Account* 6c 6d Rule Set ID*** 6e Information 6f Language 6g Type 6h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Database View: Profiles Comm. Comm. Sequence Comm. Sequence Confirming Party Transaction Party Comm. Media Party Group 61 Priority 6m Pattern ID**** Value (CV)***** ID* 6a Type* 6b Account* 6c Address* 6i Type 6j Role 6k (number) (number) 6n 6o A . . . 123 A1 Tel Confirm . . . . . . . . . . . . A . . . 123 A2 Cel Confirm . . . . . . . . . . . . B . . . 456 B1 Email Notify . . . . . . . . . . . . C . . . 789 . . . . . . Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *Index Keys **Key to Party Groups database view ***Key to Rules database view; see Table 2 ****Key to Communications Sequence Patterns database view; see Table 5 *****The confirming value

TABLE 4 Party-Transaction Group Profiles Database View Database View: Groups Party Group Transaction  Party Role  RTE ID* 7a ID* 7b  Party ID* 7c  Type* 7d 7e *** *** *** *** *Index Keys

TABLE 5 Communications Sequence Patterns Database View Comm. Inter- Attempt Sequence First Smart Max. # Generate Event Sequence activity Outbound/ Timeout Timeout Attempt Retry Attempts Action on on Connection Pattern Flag 8b Inbound Value 8d Value 8e Delay 8f Flag 8g 8h Attempting Final Flag 8k ID *8a (Boolean) 8c (seconds) (seconds (seconds) (Boolean) (numeric) Spacing 8i Failure 8j (Boolean) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

If any of the parties is a member of a Party Group, either by prior association therewith through the CS's [2] Parties database view, shown in Table 3 [6d], or as superseded by data in the Transaction Message, per Table 1 [23f], the Data Messaging Layer [201] adds the identities (Table 4, 7c] and roles [7e] of the parties belonging to the corresponding Group to the list of parties to be contacted for the transaction. Relevant SQL statements to determine all additional parties and their roles for a given transaction, based on an initial set of parties:

-   -   SELECT DISTINCT [Party ID], [Party Role] FROM [Groups] INNER         JOIN [Transaction Parties] ON [Groups].[Party Group         ID]=[Transaction Parties].[Party Group ID] WHERE [RTE         ID]=$PartyID[0]$;     -   (where $xxx$ indicates substitution of the value of environment         variable ‘xxx’, per Table 6, and [Transaction Parties] comprises         the IDs of the parties who were specified in the original         transaction message received from the RTE [1]).

TABLE 6 Communication Scripting Language Statements, Object Methods, Properties, and Environment Variables Script Statements and Object Methods Scripts reference Transaction Objects and, within them, communication session Objects, and where noted, the functions described herein exist as executable methods of those Objects. Here follows a list of fundamental methods and statements. Message ComposeMessage (Message template string, Media type)    Returns deliverable message content based on a textual template with embedded value substitution    and file insertion, in a format appropriate to the designated media type Message MessageCat (Message1, Message2)    Returns the concatenation of the content of two messages. Variant InitiateCommSession (Communications address, Media type)    [Object method.] Returns a result code based on the success or failure of establishing a    communications session (such as a telephone call, Instant Messaging session, etc.) to a specified    communication address using the specified medium. The result for success is a session ID for the    communication session. The result code for failure indicates the nature of the failure (e.g., for a    telephone call, result code represent answered, busy, fast-busy, timeout on ring without answer, no    ring, etc.) Variant AwaitCommSession (Communications address, Media type, Timeout)    [Object method.] Establishes a system process which awaits for an incoming communication from    the specified communication address on the specified medium. If the session occurs within the    Timeout interval, returns the session ID; if not, returns zero or null. Variant Input (Prompt, (int)Tries, (long)Timeout, (Bool)Complete, Media type[, (string) Validation])    [Object method.] Returns input from a party via a communication session already in effect. If the    session ended prematurely, returns null, if timed out, returns the empty value, otherwise returns the    information provided by the user as alphanumeric text (or numeric text where appropriate). The    Prompt is delivered within the session using ComposeMessage ( ) to convert it to the appropriate    medium. If Complete is True, the prompt is delivered to its completion regardless of the action of    the party. If False, then, in a voice-based communication only, if the party begins to respond prior    to the completion of the prompt message, the prompt message is cut short as of the moment the    party begins to respond. The Validation string is used to verify acceptable values are received; if    not, the prompt is repeated until they are, up to Tries times. The Timeout value applies per try. Variant Output (Message, Media type)    [Object method.] Delivers a preformatted message to the object communication session, as    appropriate to the specified medium. For example, delivers an audio and text-to-speech message to    a telephone, or a text message to a wireless text device. Returns a result code indicating success or    failure. Note that some media, such as electronic mail, do not provide a means for timely    determination of success and failure of an output transmission. Variant EndCommSession ( )    [Object method.] Terminates a communication session and frees the related communication    subsystem resources. Returns a result code indicating success or failure, and if failure, the    corresponding error reported by the communication subsystem. Variant Wait ((long)Timeout[, (Bool)Interrupt))    [Object method.] Waits for a specified time in a communication session, or pauses script execution    for a specified time if invoked as an objectless statement. If Interrupt is True, then the wait is ended    prematurely when any input is generated on the remote end of the session (e.g., the party presses a    key on his/her phone). Variant DLookup ((string)Fieldname, string(Tablename), (string)Condition)    Returns first field value drawn from a known database table where the specified condition is met.    If none, returns null. DateTime DateTimeStamp ([Timezone])    Returns a date-time stamp value in GMT if no timezone is given, or else in the timezone    specified. If (expression) Then (statement(s)) [Else (statements(s)]    Standard branching statement, typically used with a script's Environment Variables. Select|Case (expression) (statement(s)) [...] (Else (statement(s))    Standard control statement, typically used with a script's Environment Variables. While (expression) Do|Loop|Break    Standard iteration control statements. For Each (case of object)|Next|Break    Standard serial group-execution control statements. For example, used to iterate through all the    Communication Addresses [see FIG. 6, field (6c)] for a given party to a transaction until a    successful session is established. Execute (shell command [<Message|Environment Variables])    Allows script to call processes and programs external to itself, passing messages and/or    environment variables. Transaction and Communication Session Object Properties Here follows a list of fundamental Transaction and communication session Object properties. Active: True if the session to the target communication device is currently active. Attempt: If the session is being retried, the attempt number of the retry. AttemptTime: Elapsed time of the Current attempt within the session. CommAddress: Address of the party for the communication session. Inbound: True if the session was initiated by the party, such as by calling into the central system. Interactive: True if the session supports receiving input from the contacted party. MessageIn: Most recent message (input) received, if any. MessageOut: Most recent message sent, if any. Outbound: True if the session was initiated by the system. PortID: ID number (system-generated) for the port in use for the session. Reached: True if the session successfully reached its target communication device. SessionID: ID number (system-generated) for the communication session. SessionTime: Elapsed time of the current session. Status: Status value describing the most recent event during the session; when the session is ended, describes the result (e.g., reached and confirmed, reached without confirmation, did not reach with error code describing why). Timeout: Current session timeout value, if any. Script Environmental Variables Here follows a list of fundamental environment variables available to a script. MessageTemplate[n]: Message template for each party, computed based on the Rule Set in effect for the transaction and any override values supplied by the RTE per FIG. 2. Parties: Count of the number of parties involved in a given transaction; the external source of information about the transaction (Remote Transaction Engine, or RTE [1]) is also counted. Note that the list of parties to a transaction may be augmented through reference to an internal Party Group for a given party and type of transaction [FIG. 6, 6d; FIG. 7, 7b]. PartyConfirmContact[n]: If True, indicates that a particular party has been reached in a communication session in a “Confirm” role [FIG. 6, 6k; FIG. 7, 7e]. This value is typically set by the CCL [203] during Script execution, and then used to disable further attempts to contact the party on “Confirm” Role devices and media for the current transaction. PartyCV[n]: The confirmation value required of a given party to additionally authenticate and verify the party's identity and intentions. This value is often a PIN, CVC2/CVV2/CID value, or other password defined by the party's financial institution, or by the merchant. The value is typically stored, but can be provided by the RTE as well as an optional incoming message parameter. PartyCVType[n]: An identifier for the type of confirmation value sought or expected, such as PIN, CVC2, CVV2, CID, password, ZIP code, final 4 digits of Social Security Number, etc. PartyID[n]: ID of a given party, from 1 to n, with party ID 0 being the ID of the RTE. PartyIDType[n]: Type of ID of a given party. The Party ID Type defines whether the Party ID is an index value into the list of stored communication profiles, an account number (credit, debit, checking, etc.), a known communications address (e-mail address, telephone number, etc.), and soon. TrackingCode: RTE-supplied alphanumeric information describing the transaction, used for subsequent tracking and accounting/billing identification. TransDescription: Textual descriptor of the transaction, supplied by the RTE. TransDetails[a][0, 1]: Additional information supplied by the message from the RTE, coded as user-defined value-pairs (see FIG. 4, [23p]). (Such data would typically be encoded within the message using XML.) The [0] value holds the tag or name of the user-defined variable, the [1] value holds the variable's value. TransID: Unique transaction ID supplied by the system for this transaction. TransMessage: The entire incoming transaction message from the RTE. Also included among the Environment Variables are those fields shown in FIG. 2 not already listed above.

In this way, certain transaction types for a given party may automatically spawn communications with additional parties, such as an employee's work supervisors or auditors, a minor's parents, or law enforcement personnel, without requiring explicit mention of such additional parties in the incoming Transaction Message. Such Groups are preferably user-definable in advance, via the mechanism of the Profile databases [Table 3] and the User Web Client [FIG. 1, 251]. This feature of the invention creates significant advantages over the prior art, by allowing automatic inclusion of a variety of additional parties in approval, notification and auditing roles.

Each party is given a Role in accordance with its Profile [Table 3, 6k], if any; its inclusion via the Party Group mechanism [Table 4, 7e]; or, as superseded by data in the Transaction Message, per Table 1 [23]. Another important advantage of the invention is the automatic assignment of Roles to the party or parties of the transaction, such that different actions may be taken in regard to each party based upon not only the party's identity but also the Role of the party in the transaction. One embodiment of the invention uses roles such as “Confirm” for a party that is to provide input to the inventive system, once contact has been established therewith, for example to further authenticate his/her identity and re-approve the transaction; “Notify” for a party that is only to be made aware of the transaction by the inventive system, and “Present” for a party with whom contact is not to be established, but whose related data and parameters are to be consulted and validated by the inventive system as part of the computation and delivery of a result message to the RTE [1].

Once the incoming Transaction Message's contents are validated, the full list of target parties and their roles is defined, and all relevant name-value pairs that enable subsequent processing are established, then a software-based object or other data structure (the “Transaction Object”) containing these data is created in the CS's [2] volatile and/or nonvolatile memory or storage. The Transaction Object is then queued for subsequent processing by the Rules and Script Processing Layer [202] (“RSP”) of the CS (2).

The RSP [202], in addition to sharing the basic elements of the CS [2] as described above, is comprised of programming and database logic for the execution of both stored and dynamically-defined Action Scripts, where such Action Scripts define generalized, parameterized processes for communicating with and/or to one or more parties. The basic functions and components of such Scripts are shown and described in detail in Table 6. The concept of fully user-programmable, adaptive, dynamic logic to control both the processing of individual transactions and the execution of the related communications with one or more of its parties is an important innovation introduced in and enhancing the value of the invention, by allowing the inventive system to perform a variety of distinct actions and sequences of actions based on each transaction's type, parties and roles, and prevailing conditions and parameters, and on the real-time progress of the transaction through the inventive system.

The RSP [202] draws on the queue of work created in the CS's [2] memory or other storage by the Data Messaging Layer [201], each work item being one Transaction Object comprised of 1) name-value pairs describing the transaction, as manipulated by the Data Messaging Layer [201] and available to scripts as Environment Variables (see Table 6), 2) an associated Script, designated as described below, and 3) an evolving set of pending and actual communications link sessions and the results thereof, further described below.

Transaction Objects may be drawn from this queue in sequential order, unless there is an overlap among the identified parties of two or more such Transaction Objects. In such a case, the following logic is preferably applied: 1) If the parties' roles are all, for example, “Notify” [per Table 3], the Transaction Objects may be merged, such that multiple notifications of multiple transactions may be sent to the same parties using the same communications sessions. 2) If any of the parties' roles are, for example, “Confirm”, then the second Transaction Object is not drawn from the queue by the RSP [202] until the RSP [202] has completely finished working on any prior overlapping Transaction Object(s). This gatekeeping logic creates a unique advantage by prohibiting conflicting (and potentially confusing, or inherently failure-prone) communications link attempts to the same party or parties at the same time.

The Script associated with a given Transaction Object may preferably be determined as follows. First, the Rule Set [Table 1, 23i] for the transaction, if identified in the incoming Transaction Message, is found in the Rules database view [Table 2] using, for example, an SQL query or stored (database) procedure. If it was not so identified, a corresponding default Rule Set matching the transaction type and party is found in the CS's [2] Profiles database view [Table 3, 6e] using, for example, an SQL query or stored (database) procedure. If the corresponding Rule Set returned by the query is null, a System Default Rule Set may be used in its place.

Once the Rule Set is known and associated with the Transaction Object, its record in the Rule Set database view may be used to provide the following information, which may be used to control the further processing the transaction, per Table 2:

-   -   Message Template ID [5b], along with the Transaction Language         [5d], defines what message template (per Table 7) will be used         to generate the contents of the actual communications with the         party (or parties) for this transaction. This value becomes an         Environment Variable (see Table 6) for the transaction.

TABLE 7 Message Templates Database View Stored Message Message Template Language* Template ID* 10a 10b 10c *** *** *** *Index Key

-   -   Message templates consist of free-form text with embedded field         substitution codes and file insertion codes, which may be of a         form such as “$xxx$”, where ‘xxx’ is the name of an Environment         Variable (see Table 6), $file://yyyyy$ where ‘yyyyy’ is a         filepath on the Central System [2], and $=zzzz(xxx1, xxx2, . . .         )$, where ‘zzzz’ is a script function name and ‘xxx1’, ‘xxx2’,         etc. are Environment Variables passed to the function identified         by ‘zzzz’. In the “file” case, the contents of said file are         inserted in the message template in place of the “$file:// . . .         $” marker. In the other two cases, the variable or function is         evaluated and the results thereof are inserted in place of the         substitution marker.     -   A message template is defined by an ID and by a language, such         as “English”. Therefore, a single message template may have         multiple instances across multiple languages, distinguished by         the values in the “Language” field from record to record.     -   Message Template Stylesheet URL [5c] alternatively or         additionally allows a web-based stylesheet, such as an XML-based         (i.e., XSL) document, to be retrieved and used to format the         aforesaid message to the party (or parties), via reference to a         Universal Resource Locator (URL). This provides the advantage of         allowing the operator or user of the RTE [1] to dynamically         redefine the presentation of information to the relevant parties         merely by updating an accessible web site with a new         presentation format applicable to one or more of the         transactions said RTE [1] may originate.         -   As such, this aspect of the inventive system is an important             innovation, by providing its users with a programmable             message content and formatting mechanism that need not be             maintained in or supplied to the inventive system, but may             instead be incorporated dynamically, by reference, at the             time the transaction is processed.     -   Transaction Language [5d] is used along with the Message         Template ID [5b] to define the message template.     -   Transaction Currency [5e] is used when financial amounts are         referenced in the communication to or with the party or parties.     -   Confirming Value Type [5f] defines what form and format of datum         is required as input from the party to successfully authenticate         and verify the transaction and the party's identity. It may be a         value such as “PIN” for a PIN code, or “CVV2,” “CVC2,” or “CID”         for a credit card confirmation code, for example.     -   External Media Address Reference Flag [5g], if True, indicates         that an external database call shall be made to a service         provider [FIG. 1, 12, “Remote Data Sources”] or other external         data source which can provide additional information about the         party's communication address or identity, such as the billing         telephone address for the party's home telephone number, for         cross-referencing and/or logging purposes and/or for later use         in computing the result for the party.     -   Allowed Media [5h] encodes, such as in a text string or binary         value, the types of communications links and/or media applicable         to this type of transaction for this party. This media list acts         as a filter on the party's communication profile records [Table         3], limiting the communication link alternatives for the party         to only those link and/or media which are coded for in the         Allowed Media [5h] field. For example, the party may have e-mail         as one communication preference, but for a certain transaction         type, the Allowed Media [5h] filter value keeps e-mail from         being used to authenticate and verify the party and his/her         intentions for the transaction, for example to avoid the         time-delay and relatively low level of security associated with         e-mail-based communications, while for other transaction types,         e-mail is still used, in accordance with the Profile. The RSA         [202] insures that in no case are fewer than one communication         link alternative in force under any circumstances, even if the         use of that one alternative would otherwise violate the Allowed         Media [5h] filter.     -   Script ID [5i] defines which Action Script [Table 8 and Table 6]         is to be employed for the transaction. (The Script defines how         the CS [2] will interact with the party or parties hereafter.)

TABLE 8 Scripts Database View Script ID* Stored Script 9a Code 9b *** *** *Index Key

-   -   Information on Script statements, script objects, etc. is found         in Table **(old Table 6)     -   Default Communications Sequence Pattern ID [5j] identifies the         default communication strategy to be used when attempting to         reach the party or parties. This value may be overridden by any         Communication Sequence Pattern [Table 3, 6n] defined in the CS's         [2] databases, or in the Transaction Message, for any specific         party or parties for this transaction type.

Once the above data have been gathered and stored in the system's memory or other storage along with the other transaction information aggregated into the Transaction Object, the RSP [202] executes the aforesaid Script. In general, Scripts preferably 1) attempt to establish communication link sessions simultaneously with all relevant parties associated with the transaction, and where possible, 2) deliver messages to the parties over such communication link sessions, 3) prompt for and accept input from the party of parties defined as having, for example, “Confirm” Roles [Table 3, 6k; Table 4, 7e], 4) compute an overall result summarizing the outcomes of all such communications and communication attempts, 5) optionally log the transaction, communication attempt results, and said outcomes and overall result, and 6) communicate the result back to the RTE [1].

An important advantage of the invention is the adaptive logic represented by such Scripts, in lieu of a static process logic mechanism that executes a single statically-defined sequence of instructions in every case and under every condition.

In general, for each party, the preferred embodiment's RSP [202] will perform the following standard actions under the control of the Script [5i]. Note that communications to multiple patties will occur simultaneously (unless directed otherwise by said Script) via concurrently executing, asynchronous system processes in the CS's [2] Communications Control Layer [203] (“CCL”). The process flow for the preferred embodiment of the invention, with the RSP [202] executing a Script, is diagrammed in FIG. 18, in which the RSP [202] will perform in accordance with a method comprising the steps of:

-   -   1. Perform an external database or data service query or         reference [B], as of, for example, a telephone number billing         address database, using relevant data about the party as a key         (for example, his/her telephone number), to gather external data         about the party for use in computing the result for the party         and the overall result message to the RTE [1], provided the         External Media Address Reference Flag [Table 2, 5g] (see above)         for the transaction's Rule Set is True [A].     -   2. Consult the party's Communication Profile record [Table 3,         6a-c, 6i-o] for this transaction type and account number (if         applicable), using an SQL query or stored (database) procedure,         and then:         -   a. Group all the corresponding communication devices,             addresses, and media for the party by their Communications             Sequence Group [61] (“CSG”) number, if applicable;         -   b. Where no CSG number is assigned to a communication             device, a distinct temporary CSG is assigned by the RSP             [202] to each such device;         -   c. Order the CSGs by the associated Communications Priority             [6m] number; this step defines the order in which the             party's communication devices will be tried, with the Group             mechanism of step (a) collecting multiple devices to be             tried together simultaneously;         -   d. Identify i) the party's Role [6k] for this device,             address, and media type (noting that not all supported             devices and media types necessarily support two-way             interactive communications), ii) the expected Confirmation             Value [6o] if any, for “Confirm”-type parties (noting that             this value may have been additionally or alternatively             supplied in the incoming Transaction Message from the RTE             [1] and the confirming value may be stored in this field if             the CS [2] is securely operated by the financial             organization which supplied this value for the party's             account [6c], and may be omitted in other cases, or at the             financial organization's discretion. When omitted, any             Confirming Value [6o] must be supplied by the RTE [1] in the             Transaction Message received from the RTE [1]—ideally with             encryption applied), and iii) the Communications Sequence             Pattern ID [6n].         -   The above steps (a)-(d) are aggregated in FIG. 18 as process             box [C], “Select Party's next device Group (CSG)”.     -   3. For each Communications Sequence Group [6i] for the party, in         ascending order of Communications Priority [6 m], initiate         simultaneous, multithreaded communications sessions to all         devices within said CSG [61] via the Communications Control         Layer [203] (“CCL”) [FIG. 18, D]. Note: Some schedules in some         embodiments may specify waiting for some duration for a party to         communicate to the system from a specific device, in lieu of         outbound communication attempts. A communication attempt is         conclusive upon 1) a successful response by the communications         device, 2) an error condition (e.g., busy signal), 3) a         predetermined timeout period elapsing. The CCL [203] initiates         such sessions via commands it issues to the Communications         Subsystems [FIG. 1, 212-218ff.]         -   A Communications Sequence Group [61] with more than one             communications device and address in it causes the CCL [203]             to attempt to reach a single party simultaneously on a             plurality of his/her devices and addresses. The first such             contact attempt to succeed [E] becomes the sole active             communication session to the party, and all other sessions             are immediately, automatically terminated [F]. Contact             attempts to “Notify”-only devices may cointinue. This is             accomplished through the CCL's [203] monitoring and             analyzing session-progress events [per Table 5, 8k:             “Generate Event on Connection Flag”] generated via the             various Communications Subsystems [FIG. 1, 211-218 ff.]. In             practice, most Communications Sequence Groups [61] will             contain just one device and addresses, and thus just one             communication session at a time will be attempted for each             party.         -   Once a communication session is successfully initiated with             a party on a given device and at a given communication             address (such as a telephone with a particular telephone             number) in a “Confirm” Role [Table 3, 6k; Table 4, 7e], as             per FIG. 18 [1], no further attempts to interact with that             party in its “Confirm” Role for the current transaction are             preferably made. However, further communications may             preferably continue to occur in a “Notify” role. This may be             accomplished by the CCL [203] setting a flag or semaphore             (FIG. 18, 1] for the party (such as the PartyConfirmed[n]             Environment Variable per Table 6) once one “Confirm” contact             has occurred, such that further “Confirm” devices are             ignored by the CCL [203] for the current party in the             current transaction [FIG. 18, M].         -   This feature contributes a special advantage of the             invention, by allowing a given party to engage in contact             with the inventive system in multiple Roles for the same             transaction, such as, for example, a “Confirm” Role on             his/her mobile Instant Messaging device and a “Notify” Role             to his/her e-mail system.     -   4. Each communications device for the party has an associated         user-defined Communications Sequence Pattern [Table 5, 8a] that         is used to manage the attempts to reach and establish a         communication link session with the device; for each such         Pattern, consult Communication Sequence Pattern (8a] database         record, via SQL query or stored (database) procedure, to obtain         the following parameters, or the equivalent, in a preferred         embodiment of the inventive system:         -   Interactivity Flag [8b], which specifies whether input from             the party is possible from said device;         -   Outbound Inbound [8c], which specifies whether the             communication link is to be initiated by the CCL [203] or by             the party communicating inbound to the CCL [203];         -   Attempt Timeout Value [8d], which sets the time before an             attempt is deemed to have failed (for example, for a             phonecall with multiple rings and no answer);         -   Sequence Timeout Value [8e], which sets the total time             before an entire Sequence is deemed to have failed if no             successful connection occurs;         -   First Attempt Delay [8f] which postpones the first attempt             at communication link session by a fixed amount of time (for             example, to allow a party to switch his/her line from data             to voice mode on a dual-purpose communication device);         -   Smart Retry Flag [8g], which, if True, instructs the CCL             [203] to time subsequent communication attempts based on the             outcome of the prior attempt (for example, retrying a phone             number sooner if the last result was busy, vs.             ring-without-answer);         -   Maximum Number of Attempts [8h], which defines a total             number of attempts allowed before conceding failure;         -   Attempts Spacing [8i], which defines the timing between             subsequent attempts, and alternatively or additionally,             between specific attempts in the Sequence;         -   Action on Final Failure [8j], which defines whether upon the             ultimate failure of the sequence, a new sequence should             begin (e.g., a Sequence Pattern in which the system waits             for the party to call it), or not, and         -   Generate Event on Connection Flag [8k], which, if True,             instructs the communication process executing the connection             attempt to send an alert event to the CCL [203] upon             success. This event is used in conjunction with             Communication Sequence Groups [61] to identify which of a             series of simultaneous communication link attempts to a             party's several devices has succeeded first, and is thus to             be continued, the rest being terminated.     -   5. Dispatch these data, via the Transaction Object's Script, to         the CCL [203], which creates individual software processes         and/or threads of execution for each potential communication         link session based on the aforesaid parameters. (See FIG. 18,         “Script Execution” process block.) These processes record in the         CS's [2] memory and/or databases or other storage the results of         all sessions and session attempts for each party for each         transaction for later computation [L,R]. The design and         processes of said communication sessions is described hereafter.

Once each party's communication session a) occurs successfully and, if in a “Confirm” Role, obtains the required input from the contacted party [FIG. 1, 5f; FIG. 18, H,I], such as a PIN, password, or CVV2/CVC2/CID value; b) occurs but fails to gather such required input from the party [FIG. 18, J,K], or, c) fails to occur after all attempt Schedule Patterns are exhausted [FIG. 18, N,Q], the RSP [202] is notified by the CCL [203] that all necessary sessions and contact attempts are complete [FIG. 18, S]. Note: Parties are processed in parallel (that is, concurrently) by the preferred embodiment of inventive system. The RSP [202] computes a result message [T] back to the RTE [1], said message being transmitted via the Data Messaging Layer [201], preferably using the same format and protocol as the received Transaction Message. Upon transmission of the result message, the Transaction Object is removed from the CS's [2] work queues and memory, and new Transaction Objects (if any) may then be processed.

Note that in a large-scale embodiment, the inventive system is likely to process a large volume of Transaction Messages and Transaction Objects concurrently, via multithreaded processing and load-balancing among multiple processors and subsystems, and its design should not be construed as requiring serial processing of Transaction Messages and Transaction Objects.

Communications Control Layer and Communications Subsystems

The Communications Control Layer [203] of the preferred embodiment of the inventive system coordinates and manages the activity of the Communications Subsystems. The CCL [203], in addition to sharing the basic elements of the CS [2] as described above, is comprised of software specific to the establishment and management of simultaneous communications link sessions across a plurality of media. Said software may be implemented using such software frameworks and with such application development tools and platforms as CallXML (an open-source mark-up language for creating server-based interactive telecommunications applications) or the Adaptive Communications Environment (an open-source software framework and library for managing signaling, events, dynamic reconfiguration of services, and concurrent process synchronization for multithreaded real-time communications).

The Communications Subsystems are of three general types: 1) telephony-related for voice and audio communications, 2) Internet- and data-related for data and text messaging, and 3) specialty data-network related, for certain other types of data transfer such as EDI and SNA/RJE. The Communications Subsystems are each comprised of hardware and software for transmitting and receiving signals to and from a specific class of devices (terminals) over a particular communications link or links or communications network or networks using a specific protocol or family of protocols. Each is further comprised of a collection of logical and physical ports, or other equivalent interfaces, each capable of sustaining concurrent communications with one, or more where applicable, individual device(s) and/or terminal(s) across a corresponding communications link or network. (Said devices and networks are presumed to be external to the inventive system, but in other embodiments need not be.)

A high-level representation of a subset of the communications links and media supported by a preferred embodiment of the inventive system is shown in FIG. 1. A complete, low-level representation of the communications media, interfaces, links, and potentially supported devices for each Communications Subsystem for an embodiment of the inventive system is presented individually from FIG. 4 to FIG. 17 inclusive.

The Communications Subsystems provide a layer of abstraction to the CCL [203], which is then able to interact with the various communication media and devices of the party or parties to a transaction in terms of generic communication sessions.

The following tables relate the communications devices and media and the networks which support them, per the aforesaid Figures. The first table identifies the media explicitly shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE 9 Profiled Communication Media, Related Networks, and Devices per FIGS. 1 and 2 Communications Medium [Interface, Link] Associated Network Possible Device(s) Telephony [211, 511] Public Switched Telephone Telephone, Key system, PBX Network [231] with extentions, PBX with direct-dial, IVR, automated attendant [611] Electronic mail [212, 512] Internet Protocol networks Electronic mail software, e- (such as the Internet) [233], mail appliance, mobile e-mail private data networks (such as device (such as a PDA), e- frame relay networks), public mail capable cell phone or data networks (such as the pager [612] MCI Mail network) and services such America Online) [232] Instant Messaging [213, 513] Internet Protcol networks Instant messaging software, (such as the Internet) [233] mobile IM device, IM-cable and IM-capable services (such cell phone or pager [613] as America Online) [232] Facsimile [214, 514] Public Switched Telephone Fax machine, fax server, fax Network [231] or an IP fax modem, virtual fax inbox service or network (such as by system [614] Easylink Services Corp.) Paging [215, 515] Paging network (such as by Pager, paging-capable cell SkyTel) [234] phone [216] Short Message Wireless data/telephony Mobile text messaging device, Service/Wireless Text network, PCS network [235] text-capable cell phone, Messaging [216, 516] iMode phone [616] Wireless Telephony [217, Wireless telephone network, Cellular telephone [617] 517] PCS network [235]

The following table shows media, networks, and devices are covered indirectly in FIG. 1 under [218+], [236+], and [625+], but which are explicitly described in FIG. 11-FIG. 17, inclusive. (Note that it is the intent of 1[218+], [236+] and [625+] additionally to define the ability of the inventive system to be expanded to accommodate additional or alternative communications media, networks, and/or devices over time as they become desirable and/or available, and/or as implemented communication media, networks, and/or devices cease to be available and/or desirable.)

TABLE 10 Additional Profiled Communication Media, Related Networks, and Devices per FIG. 11-FIG. 17 Communications Medium [Interface, Link] Associated Network Possible Device(s) Additional or alternative Additional or existing Additional or existing devices media, as become networks as they come to as they come to support said desirable/available [FIG. 1, support said additional/alternative media 218+] additional/alternative media [FIG. 1, 625+] [FIG. 1, 236+] IP Telephony [FIG. 11, 218, Public and private Internet Telephone, Key system, PBX 518] Protocol networks (such as the or IP PBX with extentions, Internet) supporting IP PBX or IP PBX with direct- telephone standards such as dial, IP telephone, IVR, H.323 [233], and the PSTN by automated attendant [618] using an IP telephony gateway [231] Internet Data Protocols Public and private Internet Web server, or browser-based including HTTP/HTTPS using Protocol networks (such as the system or device [619] HTML/XML [FIG. 12, 219, Internet) [233] 519] Wireless Access Protocol Wirelss Internet Protcol WAP-capable mobile device (WAP) [FIG. 13, 220, 520] networks [233] and wireless or cellular phone [620] networks supporting Internet access through a wireless- Internet gateway [235] Telex [FIG. 14, 221, 521] Telex network [236] Telex terminal or Telex mailbox service [621] File Transfer (FTP) [FIG. 15, Internet Protocol networks FTP server [622] 222, 522] (such as the Internet) [233], private data networks (such as frame relay networks) and public data services (such as America Online) [232] SNA/RJE [FIG. 16, 223, SNA network [237] or an RJE capable system or device 523] SNA-tunneling or emulating (such as an IBM S/390 data network [232] mainframe computer with IBM 3770 RJE terminal or equivalent) [623] EDI/EDIFACT/EDI-INT EDI Value-Added-Network EDI capable server (such as [FIG. 17, 224, 524] (such as the Sterling by Sterling Commerce, a unit Commerce VAN) or an EDI- of SBC Corp.) capable IP network or service (such as by Internet Commerce Corp.) [238]

The CCL [203] initiates one or more concurrent, multithreaded processes which queue requests to obtain communication ports from one or more of the Communications Subsystems [FIG. 4-FIG. 17] and then direct the Communications Subsystems in establishing communication with and/or to the party or parties to the transaction according to the Script and Environment Variables of the Transaction Object. The Script and Environment Variables, based on the data obtained from the Profiles, Groups, Rule Set and Communications Sequence Patterns database views [Table 2-Table 5], identify the parties and their communication devices for the given transaction, define a sequence for the occurrence of communications with and/or to each applicable party, and specify which communications links, networks, and protocols/media to use at various points within said sequence.

The preferred embodiment of the inventive system provides for three generalized sequences for contacting a party: 1) attempting to reach each device associated with that party sequentially, 2) attempting to reach each device associated with that party in parallel, and 3) combinations thereof. Further, each device may be tried several times in succession until contact is established with it, as defined in its associated Communications Sequence Pattern [Table 5]. The Environment Variables include information for the CCL [203] and Communications Subsystems to use for timing out on an individual attempt and on a sequence of attempts. The CCL [203] coordinates these patterns of communication attempts through to their logical conclusion.

The inventive system also provides, through a corresponding Communications Sequence Pattern definition, a mechanism to allow a party to initiate contact with the system within an allowed time interval, using the Environment Variable “Inbound/Outbound” [Table 5, 8c] in conjunction with “Attempt Timeout Value” [8d] and “Sequence Timeout Value” [8e]. For this to occur, the communication address (such as a telephone number or Instant Messaging ID) of the device used by the party must be universally and securely detectable by the appropriate Communication Subsystem interface, such as with Automatic Number Identification (ANI) service for devices using the Public Switched Telephone Network [FIG. 4, 231] by the Telephony Interface [211].

When attempting to establish contact with a party's device, the appropriate Communications Subsystem executes a cycle of attempts, the timing of which is defined by the values for the corresponding Communications Sequence Pattern's fields, shown in Table 5, specifically the values for First Attempt Delay [8f], Smart Retry Flag [8g], Maximum Number of Attempts [8h], and Attempts Spacing [8i]. The use of these party- and device-specific, user-predefined parameters to guide the inventive system in its interaction attempts with a party provides the invention with the advantage of a high degree of flexibility and effectiveness in getting through to a party with a minimum of difficulty.

-   -   First Attempt Delay [8f], if specified, provides for a         user-defined time to elapse prior to the first contact attempt,         so that, for example, the party may change a dual-use line from         data mode to telephone mode for the purpose of receiving a         telephony-based contact.     -   Smart Retry Flag [8g], if True, indicates that the         Communications Sequence Pattern for the device shall be         self-modifying (under the control of the CCL [2031] based on the         outcome of each successive contact attempt. Particularly for         telephony-based communications, this mechanism allows the         inventive system to change the timing and quantity of future         attempts based on the condition of the device (or network) being         reached, as reported by such network to the respective         Communications Subsystem interface. For example, Instant         Messaging services provide a status indicator which may include         values such as “Active”, “Busy” or “Off line”; telephony         networks respond with, among others, answer-supervision (i.e.,         signaling that the call has been answered), busy signals, or         repeated rings without answer. Smart Retry provides, for         example, for increasing the frequency and number of attempts in         “busy” cases, decreasing in “off line”/“ring no answer” cases.     -   Maximum Number of Attempts [8h] defines the total number of         attempts the inventive system should make to reach a device         before the respective Communication Sequence Pattern is deemed         exhausted. This value may be modified dynamically by the CCL         [203] if the Smart Retry Flag [8g] is set.     -   Attempts Spacing [8i] defines the time intervals between         successive attempts, either as a general value, or as specific         values for each attempt in the Sequence. This value may be         modified dynamically by the CCL [203] if the Smart Retry Flag         [8g] is set.

As shown in FIG. 18, in the “Communication Session” process block, an active communication session with a party's device is comprised of the following generic cycle of functional execution of elements of the preferred embodiment of the inventive system and corresponding process steps:

For the first successful “Confirm” Role session and for all “Notify” sessions, as such Roles [Table 3, 6k; Table 4, 7e] and associated Scripts [FIG. 9, Table 6] may be defined in a given embodiment of the invention, an associated message template, per Table 7, is defined in the Environment Variables [Table 6: “MessageTemplate[n]”] accessible to said Script. In a typical embodiment of such a Script, as soon as a communication link session is reported as open and active by the corresponding Communications Subsystem, the Script execution process/thread begins composing and transmitting the various segments of said message template to the communication device [FIG. 18, G], formatted according to the capabilities and limitations of the communication device. For example, in a telephony communication link session, the message may be reformulated by the use of a text-to-speech processor [FIG. 4, 711a], and prerecorded audio may be interpolated by the Telephony Interface [211] or related IVR processor [711b], whereas for an Internet HTFP sessjon using XML, the message may be reformatted using a referenced XMI, stylesheet (XLS), and text- or image-based components may be substituted for audio components of the message.

Particularly in the case of communications sessions requiring input from the reached party, the message may consist of multiple segments that are composed and delivered to the party's communication device serially by the appropriate Communications Subsystem.

If an input is indeed required [FIG. 18, H], and the device supports it (per the Communication Sequence Pattern [Table 5, 8b: “Interactivity Flag”]), the executing Script process will preferably prompt for and wait to receive input from the party. The form of the input depends on the nature of the communication device and medium; for telephony-class devices, it is typically and preferably in the form of DTMF tones produced by touch-tone dialing or, additionally or alternatively, via voice, requiring the use of a voice recognition processor [FIG. 4, 711c]; while for Internet- and data-type devices, it is typically and preferably through a return message (such as HTML <FORM METHOD=“POST”>, e-mail SMTP reply, Instant Messaging text reply); and, for a specialty device or terminal, such as an SNA/RJE device, it is typically and preferably through a specifically formatted data exchange particular to the protocol being employed.

The Script may define whether the input must be validated before proceeding, and if so, may give the party multiple attempts to enter correct information before abandoning the attempt. Such attempts at receiving input may further be governed by Timeout parameters (see Table 6, “Transaction/Communication Session Object Properties”), such that, when the indicated time has elapsed, the attempt is abandoned [FIG. 18, J]. In an out-of-time case, or in such case as a predefined number of input attempts is initiated over the communication link session without successful validation, the Script delivers a timeout message segment if so defined in the message template [K].

If input was prompted for, a corresponding Environment Variable flag is set (see Table 6: “PartyConfirmContact[n]”) to identify that a “Confirm” Role session has attempted to gain input required from the party.

At the conclusion of any and all input-gathering and delivery pf message segments, the communication link session is terminated (by the Communications Subsystem, and optionally by the party as well if the party reacts more quickly than the Communications Subsystem). The results may be stored [L] for use by the system later on.

If the session was successfully initiated (whether or not correct input was actually received), and was, for example, a “Confirm” Role session, as may have been indicated through the use of the aforesaid PartyConfirmContact[n] Environment Variable, further attempts to contact the party in a “Confirm” Role (or equivalent, based on the embodiment of the inventive system) are preferably disabled for the current transaction.

For all non-“Confirm” devices, and if a “Confirm” Role contact has not yet been made successfully on any “Confirm” Role device, for example, the processes/threads executing the Communication Sequence Patterns in regard to the corresponding devices continue.

After the failure of an attempt, the attempt parameters and corresponding failure data provided by the appropriate Communication Subsystem are preferably logged in the system's databases or other volatile or nonvolatile memory or storage and, if there are further attempts allowed, per the effective Maximum Number of Attempts setting [Table 5, 8h], the thread of execution for the applicable Communication Sequence Pattern waits until the next attempt should be made, per 1) the Attempts Spacing value [8i] corresponding to the next attempt in the Sequence, and/or 2) the Smart Retry setting [8g], as described above. This is shown in FIG. 18's “Wait per device's attempt schedule” process box [0].

If the attempt schedule is exhausted, the executing process may initiate a new process with a new Communication Sequence Pattern, if such additional Sequence is defined for use upon the unsuccessful exhaustion of the current one [Table 5, 8j: “Action on Final Failure].

This mechanism, an innovative advantage of the inventive system, allows the chaining of Communication Sequence Patterns to arbitrary lengths, executing until success occurs or the final Sequence in the chain of Sequences fails. It is also possible thereby (if only sometimes desirable) to set up an endless cycle of communication attempts through self-referencing chains of Sequences, such that the inventive system will attempt to establish contact with a party indefinitely, until successful. This is particularly useful in the case of a transaction which, by its nature and that of its parties, indicates an emergency situation, such as an authorization transaction (non-commercial in nature) regarding the entry by some party to a restricted or secured area or system, or an extremely urgent and critical commercial transaction requiring immediate confirmation by a party not otherwise directly engaged therein at the time.

It is further possible and desirable, under certain conditions, to establish an inbound Communication Sequence Pattern [Table 5, 8c], to be initiated by the party, as a follow-on Sequence to an outbound Sequence. For example, a wireless text message may be sent to the party's cellular telephone, which text message includes a callback hyperlink to an embodiment of the inventive system's Telephony Communications Subsystem Interface [FIG. 1, 211]. Simultaneously, an inbound Communication Sequence Pattern is established which waits for contact from the party, similar to the underlying contact mechanism described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,727,163 to Bezos. The party, by responding to the callback hyperlink in the wireless text message, then interacts with the Telephony Interface and is joined to the executing process which has been waiting for his/her inbound contact.

The following Table 11 presents component technologies which may be used by one skilled in the art to construct the communications interfaces and links shown in FIG. 4-FIG. 17.

TABLE 11 Possible Components of Communication Subsystems Embodiments Additional system Fig. Interface Example resources Example 11 Telephony [211] Intel ® Dialogic ® Text to speech Nuance DM/V1200-4E1 processor Communications, and D/320-PCI [711a] Inc.'s Vocalizer voice cards, Intel ® IVR [711b] Intel ® CT Media CT Media software Voice Persay Inc.'s recognition Orpheus Speaker processor Verification [711c] Platform 12 E-mail [212] Sendmail Consortium's Sendmail e-mailing software 13 Instant Messaging Jabber, Inc.'s (PC-based and Jabber wirelsss) [213] Communications Platform 14 Fax [214] Intel ® Dialogic ® Text to fax Inso's Outside In DM/F300-E1 fax processor Server cards, Intel ® CT [714a] Media software 15 Paging [215] Sendmail Consortium's Sendmail (for initiating SMTP- based alphanumeric pages) 16 Wireless Text/SMS Simplewire, Inc.'s [216] Java SMS middleware, or Nokia Corp.'s Multimedia Email Gateway (and SMTP-to-SMS server) 17 Wireless Telephony As Telephony Text to speech Nuance [217] above processor Communications, [711a] Inc.'s Vocalizer IVR [711b] Intel ® CT Media Voice Persay Inc.'s recognition Orpheus Speaker processor Verification [711c] Platform 18 IP Telephony [218] Intel ® Dialogic ® Text to speech Nuance DM/IP301-1E1 IP processor Communications, Link boards for [711a] Inc.'s Vocalizer H.323 and CT IVR [711b] Intel ® CT Media Media software Voice Persay Inc.'s recognition Orpheus Speaker processor Verification [711c] Platform 19 Web-based (HTTP, IBM Websphere HTTPS, etc. using Application Server HTML, XML, etc.) and HTTP Server; [219] optionally, IBM MQSeries Everyplace 20 WAP [220] Nokia Corp.'s Activ Server 21 Telex [221] 22 FTP [222] IBM MQSeries FTP SupportPac 23 SNA/RJE [223] IBM 377x In a non-IBM Sun Microsystems, Emulator; an system, an Inc.'s SunLink inherent function in ASCII- SNA 3770/RJE any IBM S/390-or EBCDIC software Z-class system converter 24 EDI/EDIFACT/ Sterling EDI translator Sterling EDI-INT [224] Commerce's [724a] Commerce's GENTRAN:Server GENTRAN:Server and OFTP Plus

It is increasingly possible and practical for the physical interfaces and ports, such as those described above, to be substituted by Internet Protocol connections to service providers and service bureaus which accept IP-based inputs (such as SMTP-formatted e-mails) and translate and deliver such inputs to other types of device, such as fax, telex, and mobile browser-based devices. The inventive system, per its potential embodiment(s) described herein, does not purport to specifically require any particular interface type for the stated communication links or communication media, nor to require that message conversion occur within the inventive system, rather than in and by an external service provider's system(s). The full scope and capability of the inventive system and method are enumerated in the invention's claims.

Message Templates

As shown in Table 7, message templates are preferably comprised of free-form text with embedded field substitution codes and file insertion codes, which may be of a form such as “$xxx$”, where ‘xxx’ is the name of an Environment Variable (see Table 6), $file:(/yyyyy$ where ‘yyyyy’ is a filepath on the Central System [2], or a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) accessible to the Central System [2], and $=zzzz(xxx1,xxx2, . . . )$, where ‘zzzz’ is a script function name and ‘xxx1’, ‘xxx2’, etc. are Environment Variables passed to the function identified by ‘zzzz’. In the “file” case, the contents of said file are inserted in the message template in place of the “$file:// . . . $” marker. In the other two cases, the variable or function is evaluated and the results thereof are inserted in place of the substitution marker.

The use of a URL to supply some or all message contents is a powerful innovation, because it allows remote content and even remote templates to be included dynamically and programmatically on a transaction-by-transaction basis (that is, without requiring any user-initiated changes or updates to the inventive system or its databases' contents whatsoever).

A message template is defined by an ID and by a language [10b], such as “English”. Therefore, a single message template may have multiple instances across multiple languages, distinguished by the values in the “Language” field from record to record. A corresponding currency name may also be associated for use with financial content in the message template, as per Table 2[5e].

In some circumstances, a stylesheet retrieved and referenced by a Universal Resource Locator (URL) or Universal Resource Identifier (UDI) may be substituted for a stored message template or a message template passed to the central system [2] in the incoming Transaction Message. This powerful innovation allows mark-up methods of message content definition and formatting definition to be applied remotely to the inventive system, on a transaction-by-transaction basis, dynamically and programmatically (that is, without requiring any user-initiated changes or updates to the inventive system or its databases' contents whatsoever).

Rule, Profile, Script, Communication Sequence Pattern, and Message Template Management

Prior to first use of the preferred embodiment of the inventive system, at least one entry is required in each of its various database views [Table 2-Table 5] (excluding the Group view), representing a default Rule Set, Party Profile, Communication Sequence Pattern, Action Script, and Message Template for at least one type of transaction and at least one party from one RTE [1]. Such data entry may be performed by an operator of the CS [2] through a means such as a web-browser-based interface, as shown in FIG. 1 [25]: “User Web Client”), or by remotely loading values into the database tables through a database loader utility, or by using a programmatic interface for performing remote database updates. Subsequent modifications may be performed in a like manner.

An authorized user may log into the inventive system and, upon being granted access thereby, may view data and log records related to his account and edit his/her Profile and select from among predefined Communication Sequence Patterns. (If a superuser, s/he may view and edit the accounts and Profiles, Rules Sets, and Communication Sequence Patterns of others within his/her proscribed range of access.)

In practice, parties having a potential interest in transactions which may be processed by the inventive system will tend to updated their own Profiles as may regard their preferred communication devices. Sequences of contact thereon, preferred language, and related Roles, for various transaction types which the operator or other user of the inventive system may provide to them, per the specific embodiment of the inventive system. The operator or other user of the inventive system will tend to manage and update all other information, particularly rule- and message-oriented information.

Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present invention is not limited by the specific disclosure herein. 

1-99. (canceled)
 100. A method for authenticating a device to be associated with an account, the method comprising: receiving at a server, over a network, a communication from a first device associated with an account, wherein the communication comprises an account access request related to a second device not associated with the account; transmitting, over a network, a verification message associated with the account access request; receiving, over a network, a response related to the verification message; verifying, using a processor, the authenticity of the account access request based on the response; and authenticating the second device, such that one or more subsequent requests to access the account from the second device are granted without communicating with the first device.
 101. The method of claim 100, wherein the response is received from the first device.
 102. The method of claim 100, wherein the response is received from the second device.
 103. The method of claim 100, wherein the verification step requires the response be received within a predetermined time period.
 104. The method of claim 103, further comprising: receiving a response within the time period.
 105. The method of claim 104, wherein the response comprises a unique verification identifier.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the unique verification identifier comprises at least one of a name, DTMF tone, vocalization, image, username, user ID, PIN number, tax ID number, telephone number, account number, credit card number, CVC2 code, CVV2 code, CID code, password, passcode, user-defined party identifier, or a portion of a social security number.
 107. The method of claim 106, wherein the authenticity of the account access request is verified by matching the unique verification identifier with data stored in one or more databases.
 108. The method of claim 100, wherein the network comprises at least one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN), wireless telephony, text messaging, short message service (SMS), Internet, telex, paging service, email, an EDI/EDIFACT/EDI-INT network, an IBM System Network Architecture/Remote Job Entry (SNA/RJE) link, SMTP, HTML, XHTML, and XML.
 109. The method of claim 100, wherein the account is associated with a user profile, the user profile containing contact information for the second device.
 110. The method of claim 100, further comprising: transmitting to a third device, over a network, a second verification message, wherein the third device is associated with the account.
 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the verification message and the second verification message are transmitted simultaneously.
 112. The method of claim 100, further comprising: notifying at least one party associated with the account of the account access request.
 113. The method of claim 112, wherein the notifying comprises transmitting a notification, over a network, to the first device.
 114. The method of claim 112, wherein the notifying comprises transmitting a notification, over a network, to the second device.
 115. The method of claim 100, further comprising: notifying at least one party associated with the account of an authentication result.
 116. The method of claim 115, wherein authentication result notification is transmitted to the first device.
 117. The method of claim 115, wherein authentication result notification is transmitted to the second device.
 118. A system for authenticating a device to be associated with an account, the system comprising: a server configured to receive, over a network, a communication from an authorized first device, wherein the communication comprises an account access request related to a second device; a processor configured to identify an account associated with the first device; a module configured to transmit a verification message, wherein the verification message requests an account access confirmation response; a server configured to receive, over a network, the account access confirmation response; a processor configured to verify the authenticity of the account access request; and a database configured to store authentication information for the second device, such that one or more subsequent requests to access the account from the second device are granted without communicating with the first device.
 119. The system of claim 118, wherein the response is received from the first device.
 120. The system of claim 118, wherein the response is received from the second device.
 121. The system of claim 118, wherein the verification step requires the response be received within a predetermined time period.
 122. The system of claim 121, further comprising: a server configured to receive a response within the time period.
 123. The system of claim 122, wherein the response comprises a unique verification identifier.
 124. The system of claim 123, wherein the unique verification identifier comprises at least one of a name, DTMF tone, vocalization, image, username, user ID, PIN number, tax ID number, telephone number, account number, credit card number, CVC2 code, CVV2 code, CID code, password, passcode, user-defined party identifier, or a portion of a social security number.
 125. The system of claim 118, wherein the authenticity of the account access request is verified by matching the unique verification identifier with data stored in one or more databases.
 126. The system of claim 118, wherein the network comprises at least one of a public switched telephone network (PSTN), wireless telephony, text messaging, short message service (SMS), Internet, telex, paging service, email, an EDI/EDIFACT/EDI-INT network, an IBM System Network Architecture/Remote Job Entry (SNA/RJE) link, SMTP, HTML, XHTML, and XML.
 127. The system of claim 118, wherein the account is associated with a user profile, the user profile containing contact information for the second device.
 128. The system of claim 118, further comprising: a module configured to transmit to a third device, over a network, a second verification message, wherein the third device is associated with the account.
 129. The system of claim 128, wherein the verification message and the second verification message are transmitted simultaneously.
 130. The system of claim 118, further comprising: a processor configured to generate a notification message to notify at least one party associated with the account of the account access request
 131. The system of claim 130, wherein the notification message is transmitted to the first device.
 132. The system of claim 130, wherein the notification message is transmitted to the second device.
 133. The system of claim 118, further comprising: a processor configured to generate a result message to notify at least one party associated with the account of an authentication result.
 134. The system of claim 133, wherein the result message is transmitted to the first device.
 135. The system of claim 133, wherein the result message is transmitted to the second device. 